Home

¡@

5eawf PROGRAM

Main Theme

Embracing New Challenges: Women in Action

¡@

Sub Themes

• Gender Mainstreaming/Institutional Mechanism
• Traditional Culture/Household & Family Dynamics
• Globalization/Feminization of poverty

Areas of Concern
(the first draft of the proposed themes under each area of concern is now prepared by Hong Kong women NGOs, it is now open for discussions and comments and will be developed into discussion topics of various workshops eventually)

Women and Health
Sexuality and Body

Queer Women
Women Sex Workers

Women and ICTs

Migration of Labour

Violence Against Women
Domestic Violence
Sexual Violence

Women and the Environment

Women and Education

Women and Economic Participation

Religion and Spirituality

Women and Peace

Rural-Urban Development and Town Planning

Young Women's Forum
Differently abled women's forum

senior women

Proposed Program Outline

Plenary Session 1: Gender Mainstreaming / Institutional Mechanism

What is NGOs' role and strategy in the gender mainstreaming process?
What is NGOs' relationship with the government?  Outside lobbying or mainstream co-operation?

How can we mobilize grassroots women to participate in the institutional mechanism?

Structure of their local institutional mechanism in gender mainstreaming
NGOs' and grassroots women's relationship in the structure

What stage is gender mainstreaming process (if any) at?

Plenary Session 2: Traditional Culture / Family Dynamics

How does State/patriarchy appropriate and construct Confucianism to exercise their control over society?
Is a new form of family another form of uncertainty and insecurity to women? How do they/we negotiate or overcome these difficulties?

Sometimes women are hesitant to make changes.  What factors affect women's choices?

Given the changes in family dynamic and structures, is the state's provision and legislation in pace with these changes?

Plenary Session 3: Globalization / Feminization of poverty

What type of poverty / changes brought by globalization?
As a region, what role do we play in globalization?

If we are in a advantageous positions. What responsibilities do we carry? e.g. our treatment of migrant workers, sex workers...

How do women participate in the economy? How to make visible of women role in globalization?

¡@

Areas of Concern

Areas of Concern 1: Women and Health
Outline prepared by: YWCA, HKFWC

Exploration of women's health problems of the 21st Century, the role of deep-seated social culture on female's definition, and female's autonomy over their body.

Amid the ongoing socio-economic changes, women have to face different levels of pressures while they adjust to these changes, leading to various health problems of mental, physical and social aspects.  On the agenda of women's health, the majority are mainly concerned about women's physical illnesses, such as gynecological diseases, but neglect the social expectation and stereotype imposed on women, behind their health problems.  Women are therefore unconsciously confined by these yokes, and overlooked their autonomy over body or even their medical rights during the treatment process.

In this workshop, we are to discuss the following health topics:

1. The right of reproductive health and female right

What ideas of equality does the right of reproductive health bring out?  Are relating information, services and medications on reproductive health readily accessible to different age groups of women?  How do cultural factors affect women's decision in reproduction?

2. Medical and health programmes and sex discrimination

How to fully realize gender equality in promotion of health programmes? What principles and approaches can be adopted to enhance women's participation in health issues?

Are gender concepts being included in the training of health practitioners?  What are the results of diagnosing women's health problems simply from medical aspect?  During medication process, do women have the rights to speak and choose?

In prevention of diseases, what are the factors leading to women's contraction of AIDS or venereal diseases?  How do these diseases affect women's social role and status?  Moreover, how do poverty and role stereotype affect women's mental health?

Can health insurance schemes provide adequate protection for women?  Is there any sex inequality existing?
 

3. The effects of globalization on women's health

What types of poverty or environmental problems does globalization give rise to?  How do these changes on poverty and environment affect women's health?
 

4. Commercialization of women's image

The social trend in recent years has inspired a lot of women to consume fitness and cosmetic products for pretty outlook, slim figure etc.  How do the media shape the criteria of beauty for females?  How do such criteria in turn affect the self-image of females of different age groups?  From such phenomenon, what type of social culture is reflected?
 
 

Area of Concern 2a: Sexuality and Body (Queer Women)
Outline prepared by: The Queer Sisters

 "Sex and Body" comprises two large themes on queer women and sexuality.

1. On Queer Movements: Versions and Visions

The first is focusing on issues dealing with queer movement politics.

1.1 The strategies of queer movements in East Asian regions
We would like to explore the local politics of queer activism and their ideological implications to queer communities.

1.2 Queer identities
Sharing and discussion of queer identities in East Asian regions is encouraged, whether those identities are politically adopted by local activists in movement or are those stigmatized ones imposed by societies. The former is a critical revision of the identity politics in East Asian queer movements. The latter is a political examination of the various socio-cultural stigmas attached to queer communities.

1.3 Visions for future development
We want to invite activists to share with each other their visions of queer women's movements in each area. And to explore the possibility of networking and concerted effort among NGOs or activists in queer movement in East Asian regions.
 

2. On Queer Cultures

We will look at the cultural implications of "queerness" - or the so-called "queer styles" in different regions. Four discussing areas are proposed,
 

2.1 Queer genders
What are the queer genders practiced in different queer women communities? What challenges have those queer genders imposed on the "mainstream" gender ideology?
 

2.2 Queer erotic roles
How do queer women assert their sexuality and sexual identities through the role dynamics in erotic relationships? In what forms do those erotic roles be manifested in a female same-sex or any other queer relationships involved women?
 

2.3 The "legitimacy" of queer style
Are homosexual relationships simply a duplication of the heterosexual way? How to deal with this kind of challenge on queer legitimacy?
 

2.4 Beyond the hetero-homo duality
Is there any way to conceptualize queer relationships beyond the heterosexual V.S. homosexual model? How to live a queer way of life in the context of heterosexual appropriation and the "internal" demand of political correctness in queer communities?

"Queer" is used here as an inclusive umbrella term for women of all kinds of sexual preferences, sexual practices, sexual identities and sexual politics. Yet we recognize that it is also a contesting label and we welcome any discussion in the workshop with regard to issues concerning this more recent popular label.

Area of Concern 2b: Sexuality and Body (Women Sex Workers)
Outline prepared by: Action for REACH OUT

Themes and issues:

Women sex workers have traditionally been perceived as 'bad girls' and the sex industry has always been frowned upon as one of the sleazier societal aspects. The 'oldest profession' is seen by many as immoral. Furthermore, while the market demand for sexual services comes primarily from men, it is often the supply side (i.e. women sex workers) that is criticized and judged. 'Vice establishments' are usually run by men. Pimps are usually male. Many women sex workers work for men (bosses and clients) to financially support their husbands who are heavily in debt and/or have drug habits. In other words, women sex workers provide a much-demanded service by men in the community and yet are rarely treated as useful members of the society. This workshop wishes to address these and other issues related to commercial sex in East Asia.

Suggested Discussion:

What is the politics behind socio-political stigmas attached to women sex workers?
How does power, especially patriarchal power, pan out in the sex industry?

Does the 'East Asian culture' aggravate negative stereotypes of women sex workers?

What are the strategies that East Asian women should adopt to foster respect and dignity for women sex workers?

What should governments do about commercial sex?

Themes and issues:

There is no agreed definition of what ICT comprise. Present concerns about ICT arise in conjunction with the drive of the US to build an information superhighway (Al Gore, 1993) and of Europe to attain an information society (European Commission, 1994; Council of Europe, 1998). These drives, in turn, have been prompted by developments in telecommunications and Internet technologies, which make possible convergent delivery of multiple digital media of communication, such as books (text), radio (audio), and television (video) through networked computers. The following ideas are suggested in this context.

Depending on the purpose, format and participants, the workshop could focus on one or several of the following issues:

Digital divide
In this context, it refers to the lower access of ICT by women compared to men. This is more of a problem in developing than developed countries, in rural than urban areas, and among poor than well-off women.

Barriers of access include:

lack of telecommunications infrastructure (e.g. no Internet connection in rural areas)
high cost of computing equipment

high cost of connection

low education/illiteracy

language (English-dominated)

lack of useful content for women lack of IT training

disapproving attitude towards women learning technology

shortage of time as a result of women performing multiple roles

An engendered ICT policy

Some concerns:

• Ownership (e.g. commercially run operators make decisions on considerations of profit unless required by licensing conditions)
• network technology (e.g. mobile transmission in contrast to fixed wire transmission system is cheaper for extending connection to rural areas)
• network configuration (e.g. connection may be provided only to urban areas where traffic is heavy based on calculations of cost-effectiveness)
• access points (e.g. community centres, cybercafes)
• pricing and tariff
• ICT training

ICT and women activism

NGOs use the Internet for:

Networking
Information

Advocacy

Identity building

Various contexts:


Work (e.g. job loss for some, new jobs created for others, occupational diseases....)

Home (e.g. information for home-making, home-education, family health, .....)

Online groups (emotional support, expansion of social life, formation of real-life friendships, risks,....)

¡@

back

¡@

---

At least half of the migrants in Asia are women. Migrant women are more vulnerable to the exploitation and abuses than their male counterparts. The reproductive rights of migrant women are often not respected. Some of those who marry local men suffer from domestic violence.

Most migrant women are engaged in ¡¥women¡¦s work¡¦. Domestic work, child and elderly care, and entertainment of men are seen as roles of women, rather than being recognized as work. Migrant women are disadvantaged as a woman, a foreigner and a worker. Married migrant women also suffer from separation from their families. Their husbands could be having affairs while they work abroad. Furthermore, many women are now expected to migrate abroad and be a breadwinner rather than stay home to take care of families.

Issues

2.1What is the relationship between East Asian countries who are receivers of migrant workers and Asian migrant workers?

2.2 What makes migrant women more vulnerable to exploitation and abuses in East Asia?

2.3What social and public policies, as well as legal frameworks, need to be changed to protect and empower migrant women?

2.4What can NGOs and migrant workers unions do to pull resources and collectively strive for women migrants¡¦ rights?

Themes and issues :

Theme : Legal Protection Against Domestic Violence on Women

Women are often the prime victims of domestic violence in most countries and they suffer from different forms of abuse from their spouses or male partners. Focus of discussion mostly concentrates on the remedial measures of helping the survivors of domestic violence or strategies to provide support to the abused families in order to maintain the family unity. Statistics from the Social Welfare Department in Hong Kong reveals that the number of reported cases of wife abuse is continuously rising from 1009 in 1998 to 2433 in 2001. This can be the result of public education that more women are aware of their rights to protect themselves and their children and decided to leave the abuse situation. A comprehensive legal protection system with a feminist perspective is crucial to tackle the problem and to provide protection to the rights of abused women. Even with laws to act against domestic violence, law enforcement is another concern for this is crucial the law enforcers, such as police are able to exercise the law to protect the rights of the abused women. Education is another concern for being as women should also have the rights to access information, rights to know and to act on protecting their human rights. This workshop wishes to address the issue on legal protection against domestic violence on women.

Suggested Discussion:

What are the situation of legal protection against domestic violence on women in East Asian countries and their comment(s) on the existing situation?
Does the existing law able to protect the rights of women suffering from domestic violence?

Models of mandatory counseling and the effects/impact after their enforcement?

Models of a comprehensive legal protection scheme against domestic violence have been enforced in some East Asia countries, what is the situation of law enforcement and the difficulties encountered?

What are the problems that existed when the legal protection measures are in existence without a feminist perspective?

The need for a comprehensive legal protection system with a feminist perspective and the strategies to generate such a system.

¡@


 

back

¡@

¡@

---

A Dynamic Review of the Movement against Sexual Violence

Introduction:

The workshop aims to critically review the movement against sexual violence in the region, of its development and impact on society. To share their experience, participants help improve the strategy and give direction to the movement against sexual violence in the region.

The workshop divided into two parts:

1. The history and influence of the movement against sexual violence

The movement against sexual violence advances the issue from a taboo subject into an integrated social policy. It is an outcome of deliberation and compromise among the government, the public and feminist organizations. They complement, influence and collide with each other during the development, in which the right of women is critically addressed. The movement presents a dynamic and pluralistic nature of society. This workshop is a critical review of how the movement against sexual violence develops and how it impacts the women's movement.

2. Sharing

Participants share their experience and exchange their opinions, together to evaluate the effectiveness of the movement against sexual violence. By drawing successful experiences from different countries and strengthening the alliance in the region, participants are able to employ policy against sexual violence with improved strategies and clearer direction.

Suggested Discussion:

Briefly introduce the history of the movement against sexual violence in respective countries. How is it developed and promoted? How does it impact the local women movement?
What is the attitude and role of the government in promoting policy against sexual violence?

What is the public attitude toward the movement against sexual violence, excluding NGOs and feminist organizations but the media, community leaders, citizens, professional groups, etc.? How does the public attitude influence or is influenced by the development of the movement?

What kinds of strategy are employed by feminist organizations to promote the movement against sexual violence? How do they secure resources and assistance from other countries' feminist organizations?

What is the role of rape survivors in the movement against sexual violence? How do they place themselves in the movement?

In the development of the movement against sexual violence, what makes the cooperation among the government, the public and feminist organizations possible? Generalize any positive or negative factors.

Review the whole movement against sexual violence and evaluate its effectiveness, exploring successful and unsuccessful strategies.

Sum up experience and examine how feminist organizations in the region can cooperate to devise better policies against sexual violence.

What are the challenges of the movement against sexual movement in the coming future? How could we seize the solution and advance the movement?

Women and the environment are connected in far deeper ways than the recent "rediscovery" that women being the care providers and hence "by nature" are good environmentalists can suggest.

To understand more about such connections one (especially but not exclusively those of us from the cities*) cannot avoid rethinking the modernity ideology and the istorted depiction of (histories of) rural life and the subsistence economies that the ideology entails. No longer do we know (or care to know) how women in a society ensure that livelihood matters of the whole community are well taken care of by working closely with nature. In other words, we are "mal-educated" to neglect women's knowledge, which is very much _local_ in the sense that it is what local production and local consumption are based on. No less importantly, being there to support a subsistence economy, such knowledge systems do not fit in with the generation of "waste" (not to mention dumping it either locally or in somebody else's backyard). As a result, it is sustainable not only in its being non-exploitative in orientation towards the environment/resources, but also in its minimum (if not zero) pollution discharge implications.

Women's knowledge is not only sustainable because it emphasizes non-wastefulness. It attains sustainability in being dialectical, i.e. it is based on sharing, close exchange, as well as dynamic relationship with local conditions and their changes. It is never meant to be patented, exclusive, secretive and authoritative. Hence, it harbors the real power to make the global market and global monetary value irrelevant to communities' livelihood. That's why it indeed is an autonomous force of resistence to be reckoned with in this age of homogeneity and hegemony.

One offshoot of this discussion is: As IT emphasizes speed, replacement of the old by the new (so-called progress), standardization, "expert" knowledge, abstract coding (data) etc., it is by nature against women's knowledge which is grounded, contextualized, and ecology based. The popular issue of "Women and IT", hence, needs to be addressed at a level deeper than that taken by the trendy discourse of "women's need to gain equal access to the technology".

How the ecological roots of women's knowledge relate to the peace movement, indigeneous peoples movement, peasants movement etc. is also interesting areas for exploration.

In a nutshell, the topic of "woman and the environment" embraces a whole range of interesting discussions. To fully engage in such discussions one has to recognize women as subjects who have built their autonomous identities through long histories of production of material and cultural "goods" to fulfill human needs while showing great respect for the multitude of life forms around them. Their contribution to knowledge production is definitely wider and deeper than the current (narrow) focus on women's grassroots organization tactics could encompass.

* the modernity ideology reaches most corners of the world (prominently E. Asia) by means of the modern state establishments of which the most powerful one is probably "modern education".
 
 

Area of Concern 7: Women and Education
Outline prepared by: HKFWC

Themes and issues:

Women and Adult Education

Women encounter with direct and indirect constraints in acquiring education which results in inequality of learning.  Education as a tool and process of socialization, plays a key role in gender construction and stereotyping reinforcement.  Then in what ways does education portray women's lives?  How does the society construction meaning of education and its goals? Existing adult education is laden with economic value. That is, it is very much related to the enhancement of personal competence, which will result in increasing personal bargaining power in the labour market. Those to whom personal growth is considered unnecessary such as homemakers and elderly are excluded outside the threshold of adult education. Exclusion is also due to expensive tuition fees that are very often unaffordable for homemakers, who are not economically self-sufficient. This situation reinforces gender inequality and marginalizes homemakers' status even more.

Suggested Discussion:

What are the strategies that other East Asian regions adopt to eliminate gender inequality in  education and adult education?
What role does a State play in eliminating gender inequality in education and adult education and what is its responsibility?

What models of adult education are suitable for women's learning needs?

What are the purposes of education for women?

What are the socio-cultural factors that constraint equal access of education?

¡@

Area of Concern 8: Women and Economic Participation
Outline prepared by: HKWWA, FTU, HKFWC

Themes and issues:

Due to the adverse impacts of the globalized economies, together with the collusion between big business enterprises and local governments, feminization of poverty has become an exacerbating problem. Working women have been threatening by job marginalization (including, contract-out, temporary jobs, part-time jobs and discontinued jobs), trends of low-payment and low-skill employment and even age discrimination. Besides, the unjust division of labour according to gender is still very common that the value of female labour is much more inferior than that of male labour. As a consequence, the protection and welfare for female labour in different societies are very insufficient. In many countries, governments are using different means to turn the problem of unemployment of women invisible, such as categorize those unemployed women as housewives, which means to deprive them of their labour identity. Thus, unemployed women have been turned invisible that the adoptions and development of labour policies are indifferent to their needs.

In societies that values of human beings are measured in terms of market values, women, who have taken up the burden of looking after the family without any remuneration, become valueless. In many labour related statistics, the labour of housewives has not been included. And the protection and welfare for housewives have not been safeguarded by the social welfare system which redistributes according to ones' labour in the market. Being indifferent to the labour of housewives is equal to deprive their contribution of looking after the family. The situation mentioned above, indeed, is not a single case, it reflects the gender problem in society, and how the government redistribute unjustly according to ones' labour in the market.

Suggested Discussion:

1. Remunerative labour

1.1 The invisibility of women unemployment and feminization of poverty are against the ideal of "equal opportunities of employment for different genders". If these two problems could not be solved, what impacts would they have on our society?

1.2 What policies should government implement to enhance the employment of women, to eliminate the problem of unjust division of labour according to gender and protecting the marginalized female labour?

1.3 What organizational strategies should the NGOs adopt to unify women labour to strive for their rights?
 

2. Labour without remuneration

2.1 What kind of standard, welfare and protection system should be put forward so that the value of labour by family carers' could be reflected?

2.2 What cultural factors attribute to the perception that labours in family is not remunerative?

2.3 What organizational strategies should the NGOs adopt to strive for the social recognition of labour within family, so that the family carers would be empowered?
 
 

Area of concern 9: Religion and Spirituality
Outline prepared by: Liu Yi Jung, Wong Wai Yin Christina, Mary Ann King

Theme: Break Down the hypocritical equality! Renewal the power of women in religion!

Why "Religion and Spiritualities"?

We attempt to explore the impact of religious spiritualities on women in a more comprehensive way, as it shapes the dynamics and relationship among women's themselves, their roles and action taken in their families, social lives and the wider culture identity. Religion and spiritualities are also instrumental in the awakening of human souls and spiritual renewal.

Religion and spiritualities might look very similar, we should not overlook the differences between them. Spiritualities are not only confined in religious practices. Besides religious institutions and popular religious practices, womanist spiritualities can embody in common people's daily lives and in women's body movement. Besides, rather paradoxically, some religious practices are not pointing to any spiritual dimension. Usually, religion "co-opts" our understanding of spiritualities or we reduce the spiritualities and its practices to religion believers only. It subordinates spiritualities to religion institutions and its discourse. We are against this reductionist and religion-only understanding of spiritual experiences.

Nevertheless, the origin of religion not only comes from the spiritual experience of human, but also for give understanding and meaning to her/his existence and her/his living world. Religion provides and maintains a set of social ethics, order and values. To a certain extent, these beliefs and systems connect closely with the normative values and practices in the society, such as it also shares the gender bias as in the society.

This workshop aims at highlight the gender perspective and the issue of woman in religion, bring these concerns to an open forum and searching for the real empowerment of women in religion. East Asia is an area where diverse religious practices and spiritual traditions are existing. It will be a good opportunity for us to share women's alternatives in the spiritual praxis. On the other hand, we are also looking at how these spiritual power can become the force to change the social situation of women, or how women, empowered by their spiritualities, can become the social actor/ agent in social changes. And we ask, who are their relationships?

Proposed theme: Deconstruction and reconstruction of the gendered religion and spiritualities in East Asia

Thesis 1: Deconstruction: Break Down the hypocritical equality!

Many religions proclaim and advocate for equality, however, they deny gender inequality in their religious practices and institutions. Many women are pious and active in their religions but their role is submissive and inferior in their institutions. We must research, expose and break from any so-called "equality" at the surface of these religious teachings and dogma. This is our strategy of deconstruction.

Thesis 2: Reconstruction: Renewal the power of women in religion and how to elevate it into a force in social and religional changes!

In the strategy of reconstruction, we call for the religious resources for women's resistance and transformation. There are women who have using the space of religion to express their resistance and power for change. We hope to listen to the different women's religious groups and their experiences in searching for alternatives in religion and spiritualities. Since values and practice are shared by religions and society while they influence each other, the power of women should not limited to the area of religious and spirituality, while they will also trigger social changes. Thus, we wait for your sharings of your experience in creative practicing.

Area of concern 10: Women and Peace
Outline prepared by : Lin Chew

Themes and issues: "Women for Peace - Peace for Women"

A feminist agenda for "peace" is holistic, inclusive; it goes beyond merely working for the absence of war, and takes into account the basic rights, needs and demands of women, of children, of everyone. For women, "peace" is inextricably bound to "security" - necessary conditions for achieving equality, freedom from discrimination and oppression and the right to determine their own lives and work, to participate fully in family and society.

Peace for self is peace for the world.

What is peace?
According to Thandi Modise, (cited in a Hague Appeal for Peace report) now Chair of the Defence select Committee in South Africa, there are two important conditions for preace:
"One, there should be stability internally, so that we can move forward socially, economically and politically.  In the social sphere women want to make sure that they are secure. This affects the way we look at security.  Am I secure when I cannot walk the streets of Johannesburg at midnight?..definitely not. Therefore can I say that I am at peace? Can I say that I am able to progress economically if I am unsure of what happens in my house when I return for work?  I and other women cannot. So 'peace' has had little effect on our lives"....

What is security?
The "International Women's Summit: Redefining Security" was held in Okinawa in June 2000. More than 200 women from Okinawa, mainland Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Puerto Rico and the US met to share information about the negative effects of military security throughout Asia and the Pacific. They also shared the efforts they were making to prevent military violence, and help victims of military violence.  Sponsored by Okinawa Women Act Against Military Violence and the East Asia-US Women's Network Against Militarism, the Summit produced a statement that was presented to the G-8 world leaders, who held their own closed-door Okinawa summit in July.

Summit coordinator Suzuyo Takazato told the participants that the success of the campaign depends on developing action plans to redefine security and to end military violence against women. The Final Statement affirms that genuine security is based on the following four tenets:

preserving an environment that is able to sustain human and natural life;
meeting people's basic survival needs for food, clothing, shelter, health care and education;

honoring people's fundamental human dignity and respecting cultural identities; and

protecting people and the natural environment from avoidable harm.

Suggested Discussion:

Do you agree with these concepts  of "Peace" and "Security" ?
What are the greatest threats to peace and security you experience in your country/local community?

Are you involved in action to counter these threats and how do you promote peace and security in your situation?  Are you part of a network with others who are working in this field?

Do you see signs of hope that one day, all peoples will live in equality, security and peace?

Do you have ideas to build on present actions,  to create new strategies to bring about true peace with security?  How will you follow-up on the discussion in this workshop?
 

Area of concern 11: Urbanization

Background

In developing areas, urbanization can be beneficial to women in that it provides them with more education and job opportunities. In particular, rural women, after having moved to urban areas, might gain independence that is hard to achieve when they are living with controlling parents and families. They also then get more exposure and connection to the large community.

However, less educated, empowered and assertive women are often exploited during the urbanization process. The majority of women are marginalized or relegated to the lower social strata during township economic restructuring. The invasion and expansion of capitalist free market developments adversely affect especially rural women. They lose their property as rural land is taken up for urban developments. Deserted rural areas plunge into recession as a result of migration of rural labor to urban areas. Many women have no option but to take up low-pay unstable jobs and work under poor working conditions. When living in rural areas, they are by and large self-sufficient. Living in urban areas, they face more economic pressures and are in a continual cycle of having to work in order to afford the higher cost of living.

Issues

13.1What are the forces for women moving to urban areas and what dilemmas do they face?

13.2In what ways are urbanization, capitalism and commercialism beneficial to how are they oppressive?

13.3What concerted changes should be mounted among government of various nations to reverse the adverse effects of urbanization on women?

13.4What can NGOs do to tackle urbanization problems faced by women?

¡@

Special Caucuses

Young Women's Forum

Young Women's Forum (formerly known as Youth Forum in the 4th EAWF) is going to have its second appearance at EAWF in 2003 in Hong Kong. The theme is NETWORKING YOUNG FEMINISTS AND FRIENDS IN EAST ASIA. We welcome young feminists and friends in East Asia regions to join YWF as individual participants, regardless of their national, political, and organisational backgrounds.

Want to know more?  Please click here!

¡@

Differently Abled Women's Caucus

Disabled women who occupy the dual identity of "disability" and "women" are generally neglected by the society at large, and various countries in the East Asia have been working at various levels for promotion of the needs and rights among disabled women in recent years, and this discussion session in the East Asian Women Forum will provide a good platform for us to share our views.

Theme: Independent Living

Background

The issues of "disability" and "gender/women" studies have been widely discussed in the west in recent years. Unfortunately, not any concern in relation to the needs of disabled women was voiced out in the previous East Asian Women's Forums. However, various countries in the East Asia have been working at various levels for promotion of the needs and rights among disabled women. Disabled women who occupy the dual identity of "disability" and "women" are generally neglected by the society at large. Therefore, disabled women being selected as session in the East Asian Women Forum will provide a good platform for us to share our views.
 

Areas of Concerns*

The population of disabled women in East Asia
Disabled women and the mainstreaming society

The lives of disabled women

Disabled women and education, employment, health care and social services

Disabled women and equal opportunities, independent living and social inclusion?

Disabled women on the rights to choose and control their own lives

*(the first draft of the proposed themes under each area of concern is now prepared by Hong Kong women NGOs, it is now open for discussions and comments and will be developed into discussion topics of various workshops eventually)

¡@

²Ä¤­©¡ªF¨È°ü¤k½×¾Â
2003¦~7¤ë4-7¤é
­»´ä
 
 

¤j·|¥DÃD

°ü¤k°_°Ê ¡Ð ªï¦V·s¬D¾Ô
 

°Æ¥DÃD

©Ê§OÆ[ÂI¥D¬y¤Æ¤Î¤¤¥¡¾÷¨î
¶Ç²Î¤å¤Æ»P®a®x¨î«×ªº¤º¥~±i¤O

¥þ²y¤Æ»P³h½a°ü¤k¤Æ

Ãöª`ijÃD

¡]­»´ä°ü¤k«D¬F©²²Õ´¬°¤U¦C¦U­ÓÃöª`ijÃD¡A¼¶¼g¤Fªì¨Bªº¤º®e«Øij¡A§Ú­Ì¸ÛÁܧA¹ï³o¨Ç«Øij´£¥X°Q½×¤Î·N¨£¡A¶°¦X¦U¤è·N¨£«á¡AÃöª`ijÃD±Nµo®i¦¨¬°¦U­Ó¤£¦P¤u§@§{¡^

¡@

°ü¤k»P°·±d
©Ê»P¨­Åé

   ¤k¦P§Ó

   ©Ê¤u§@ªÌ

°ü¤k»P¹q¤l¸ê°T

¬y°Ê³Ò°Ê¤H¤f

°ü¤k»P¤Ï§Ü¼É¤O

   ®a®x¼É¤O

   ©Ê¼É¤O

°ü¤k»PÀô¹Ò«O¨|

°ü¤k»P±Ð¨|

°ü¤k¸gÀÙ°Ñ»P

©v±Ð»PÆF©Ê

¬°©M¥­§V¤Oªº¤k©Ê - ¤k©Êªº©M¥­

°ü¤k»P«°¶mµo®i

^¯S°Ï

^{«C¦~°ü¤k}
^{´Ý¯e°ü¤k}

^{¦~ªø°ü¤k}

^{¥Á¶¡²Õ´¦b©Ê§OÆ[ÂI¥D¬y¤Æ¤¤¡AÀ³±Ä¨ú¬Æ»ò¨¤¦âµ¦²¤¡H}
^{¥Á¶¡²Õ´»P¬F©²À³ºû«ù¦óºØÃö«Y¡H¦b¥~¹C»¡ÁÙ¬O°Ñ»P¨ä¤¤¡H}

^{¦p¦óµo°Ê°ò¼h°ü¤k°Ñ»P¤¤¥¡¾÷¨î¡H}

^{¥»¦a¤¤¥¡¾÷¨î¤Î©Ê§OÆ[ÂI¥D¬y¤Æªº¬[ºc}
^{¦b¬[ºc¤¤¡A¥Á¶¡²Õ´»P°ò¼h°ü¤kªºÃö«Y}

^{©Ê§OÆ[ÂI¥D¬y¤Æªº¶iµ{©M²{³B¶¥¬q¡]¦p¦³¡^}

^{¥þÅé¤j·|¤G¡G¶Ç²Î¤å¤Æ»P®a®x¨î«×ªº¤¬°Ê±i¤O}

^{°ê®a¡þ¤÷ÅvÅé¨î¦p¦ó¦û¥Î¤Î«Øºc¾§®a«ä·Q¥H¹ê¦æ¨ä¹ïªÀ·|ªº¾Þ±±¡H}
^{¹ï¤@¯ë°ü¤k¦Ó¨¥¡A·s®a®x§ÎºA¬O§_Åܦ¨¤F¥t¤@ºØ¤£¦wíªº¨Ó·½¡H¦o­Ì¡þ§Ú­Ì¥i¥H¦p¦ó½R°Ó¥H¸Ñ¨M³o¨Ç§xÃø¡H}

^{¦³®É­Ô°ü¤k·|®`©È§ïÅÜ¡A¬O¬Æ»ò¼vÅT¦o­Ìªº¿ï¾Ü¡H}

^{¦³Å²©ó®a®x¨î«×ªº¤¬°Ê±i¤O»P¬[ºc¥¿¦b§ïÅÜ¡A¬F©²ªº¤ä´©¤Îªk«ß§ï­²¯à§_°l±o¤W§ïÅÜ¡H}

^{¥þÅé¤j·|¤T¡G¥þ²y¤Æ»P³h½a°ü¤k¤Æ}

¥þ²y¤Æ¨s³º±a¨Ó¤F­þ¤@Ãþ«¬ªº³h½a¡þ§ïÅÜ¡H
§@¬°¤@­Ó¦a°Ï¡AªF¨È¦b¥þ²y¤Æ¤¤ªº¨¤¦â¬O¬Æ»ò¡H

°²³]§Ú­Ì¥¿³B©ó¦³§Q¦ì¸m¡A§Ú­Ìªº³d¥ô¬O¬Æ»ò¡H¨Ò¦p¡G¦b®ü¥~¶Ä¤u¡B©Ê¤u§@ªÌªº¹ï¥I¤W¡K¡K

°ü¤k¦p¦ó°Ñ»P¸gÀÙ¡H¦p¦ó¥O°ü¤k¦b¥þ²y¤Æ¤¤ªº¨¤¦âÅܱo¥i¨£¡H

^{Ãöª`ijÃD1¡J°ü¤k»P°·±d
¤jºõ¼¶¼g¡J¤k«C¦~·|¡B°ü¤k¤¤¤ß}

^{±q¤G¤Q¤@¥@¬ö°ü¤k°·±d°ÝÃD¡A¬Ý²`¼hªÀ·|¤å¤Æ¹ï¤k©Ê©w¸q¡A¥H¤Î±´°Q¨­Åé¦Û¥DÅv¡J}

^{ÀHµÛªÀ·|µo®i¶i¨B¤Î¸gÀÙª¬ªp¤£Â_ÂàÅÜ¡A°ü¤k¦b¾AÀ³¹Lµ{¤¤¡A­±¹ïµÛ¤£¦P¼h­±À£¤O¡A¤Þ­P¨­¤ßªÀ°·±d°ÝÃD¡C¦b°ü¤k°·±dijÃD¤W¡A¤j²³¤@¯ë¥uÃöª`¨ì°ü¤k¥Í²z°·±d¤è­±¯e¯f¡A¦p¡G°ü¬ì¯e¯f¡F¦Ó©¹©¹©¿²¤¤F°ü¤k°·±d°ÝÃD­I«áÄ­§tµÛ¹ï¤k©ÊªÀ·|´Á±æ¤Î¨¤¦â©w«¬¡A°ü¤k­Ì¥ç¤£¦Ûı¦a­I­tµÛ¶Ç²Î¨¤¦â©Î¤k©Ê§Î¶HÏEÂê¡A¦Ó»´¬Ý¨­Åé¦Û¥DÅv¡F¬Æ¦Ü©¿²¤¤F¦bÂåÀø¹Lµ{¤¤ªº¦Û¨­Åv¯q¡C}

^{¦b¬O¦¸¤u§@§{¸Ì¡A§Ú­Ì±N´N¥H¤U´X­Ó°·±d½dÃ¥¥h±´°Q¡G}

^{1. ¥Í´Þ°·±dÅv»P°üÅv
¨ì©³¥Í´Þ°·±dÅv±a¥X­þ¨Ç¥­µ¥·NÃÑ¡H¬O§_¤£¦P¦~ÄÖ°ü¤k³£¯à±o¨ì¬ÛÃö¥Í¨|°·±d¸ê°T¡AªA°È©ÎÂåÀø³~®|¡H¤å¤Æ¦]¯À«ç¼Ë¼vÅT°ü¤k¥Í¨|¤W¤§¨Mµ¦¡H}

^{2. ÂåÀø©Î°·±d­p¹º»P©Ê§Oª[µø}

^{¦b°·±d±À¼s­p¹º¤W¡A¦p¦ó¯u¥¿¹ê½î¨ì©Ê§O¥­µ¥¡H¹B¥Î¬Æ?­ì«h©Î¼Ò¦¡¥h±j¤Æ°ü¤k¦b°·±dijÃDªº°Ñ»P¡H}
^{Âå°È¤H­û°V½m¤è­±¡A¦³§_·»¤J©Ê§OÆ[ÂI¡H³æ±qÂåÀø¨¤«×¥h¶EÂ_¤k©Ê°·±d°ÝÃD·|±a¨Ó¦óµ¥®ÄªG¡H¦bÂåÀø¹Lµ{¡A°ü¤k¦³µo¨¥Åv¤Î¿ï¾ÜÅv¶Ü¡H}

^{¦b¹w¨¾¯e¯f¤u§@¤W¡A¬O¬Æ?¦]¯À«P¨Ï¤k©Ê¬V¤W·R´þ©Î©Ê¯f¡H³oÃþ¯e¯f¤S¦p¦ó¼vÅT°ü¤kªºªÀ·|¨¤¦â¤Î¦a¦ì¡H¦¹¥~¡A³h½a¤Î¨¤¦â©w«¬¦p¦ó¼vÅT°ü¤kªººë¯«°·±d¡H}

^{ÂåÀø«OÀI­p¹º¯à§_¬°¤k©Ê´£¨Ñ¨¬°÷«O»Ù¡A¬O§_¦³¹ï¨â©Ê¤£¤½¥­ªº±¡ªp¡H}

<sup>3. ¥þ²y¤Æ¹ï°ü¤k°·±d¼vÅT

¥þ²y¤Æ±a¨Ó¦óÃþ³h½a©ÎÀô¹Ò¦Ã¬V°ÝÃD¡H³oÃþ³h½a¤ÎÀô¹ÒÂàÅܤS¦p¦ó¼vÅT°ü¤k°·±d¡H</sup>

^{4. ¤k©Ê§Î¶H°Ó·~¤Æ}

^{ªñ¦~¬y¦æÂׯݡA½G¨­¤Î¬ü¥Õ¡A¤£¤Ö¤k©Ê¬°¦¹¯h©ó©b©R¡Aªá¶Oª÷¿ú¡C¨s³º¶Ç´C¦p¦ó¶ì³y¡u¬üªº¡v¤k©Ê¼Ð·Ç¡H³o¨Ç©w¸q¤S«ç¼Ë¼vÅT¤£¦P¦~ÄÖªº¤k©Ê¦Û§Ú§Î¶H¡H±q¤¤¤Ï¬M¤F«ç¼ËªºªÀ·|¤å¤Æ¡H}

¡@

^{Ãöª`ijÃD2a¡J©Ê»P¨­Åé
¤jºõ¼¶¼g¡J©n©f¦P§Ó}

^{¡u©Ê»P¨­Åé¡vªº¥D­n°Q½×½d³ò¬°ªF¨È¦a°Ïªº¦³Ãö©Ê¤p²³¤k©Ê¤Î©Ê»P©Ê§OijÃD¡A«Øij¤À¬°¥H¤U¨â¤è­±¡G}

^{1. ©ÊÅv¹B°Ê¡Gµ¦²¤¤Î®i±æ}

^{¦b³o­Ó¥DÃD¤U¡A§Ú­Ì§Æ±æ±´°QªF¨È¦a°Ïªº©ÊÅv¹B°Ê¬Fªvµ¦²¤¡C}

^{1.1 ªF¨È¦a°Ïªº©ÊÅv¹B°Êµ¦²¤
±´°Q¥»¤gªº¹B°Ê¬Fªv¡A¥H¤Î¨ä¦b·NÃѧκA¤è­±¹ï©Ê¤p²³¸sÅ骺¼vÅT¡C}

^{1.2 ©Ê¤p²³¨­¥÷
¥æ¬yªF¨È¦a°Ï¦UºØ¥»¤gªº©Ê¤p²³¨­¥÷»{¦P¡A¥]¬A¦b©ÊÅv¹B°Ê¤¤ªº¨­¥÷¬Fªv¡]¦p¬y¦æ©ó¤¤´ä¥xªº¡u¦P§Ó¡v¨­¥÷¡^¡A¥H¤ÎªÀ·|¥[½Ñ©ó©Ê¤p²³ªº¡u¦Ã¦W¡v¡A¥H¥æ¬y¤Î¹ï¸Üªº§Î¦¡±´°Q³o¨Ç¨­¥÷ªº·N¸q¡C«eªÌ¬°ªF¨È¦a°Ï©ÊÅv¹B°Ê¤¤ªº¨­¥÷¬Fªvªº¤@­Ó¤Ï«ä©MÀË°Q¡A«áªÌ¬°¹ïºØºØ¥[½Ñ©ó©Ê¤p²³ªº¡u¦Ã¦W¡vªº¤@¦¸¤å¤Æ¼fµø¡C}

^{1.3 ¹B°Ê«e¤
ªF¨È¦a°Ï¦s¦bµÛ¤£¦Pªº©Ê¤p²³¤k©Ê¹B°Ê¡A§Æ±æ¨Ó¦Û¦U¦aªº©ÊÅv¹B°Ê¤u§@ªÌ¥æ¬y©¼¦¹¹ï¥»¤g¹B°Êªº®i±æ¤Î¤è¦V¡AÂǦ¹±´¯Á«Ø¥ß¦a°Ï©Êºôµ¸¤ÎÁpµ²¦æ°Êªº¥i¯à©Ê¡C}

^{2. ¤k¦P§Ó¤å¤Æ}

^{§Ú­Ì«Øij°Q½×¤k¦P§Ó¤å¤Æ©Î­·®æ¦b¤£¦P¦a°Ïªº§e²{­±»ª¡G}

^{2.1 ¤k¦P§Ó©Ê§O
¦b¤k¦P§Ó¸sÅ餤¦³­þ¨Ç¿W¯Sªº©Ê§O¡H³o¨Ç¤k¦P§Ó©Ê§O¬°¡u¥D¬y¡v©Ê§O·NÃѧκA±a¨Ó¤F«ç¼Ëªº½ÄÀ»¡H}

^{2.2 ¤k¦P§Óªº±¡¼¤¨¤¦â
¤k¦P§Ó¦p¦ó¦b±¡¼¤Ãö«Yªº¨¤¦â¤¬°Ê¤¤¥YÅã¨ä©Ê¼¤¨ú¦V¤Î©Ê¨­¥÷¡H³o¨Ç±¡¼¤¨¤¦â¦p¦ó¦b¤k¦P©Ê©Î¨ä¥L§Î¦¡ªº¤k©Ê±¡¼¤Ãö«Y¤¤³Q§e²{¥X¨Ó¡H}

^{2.3 ¤k¦P§Ó­·®æªº¡u¦Xªk©Ê¡v
¤k¦P©ÊÃö«Y¬O§_¯Âºé¬°²§©ÊÅʪº½Æ»s¡H¦p¦ó³B²z¤Î­±¹ï³oºØ¹ï¤k¦P§Ó¤§¡u¦Xªk©Ê¡vªº½èºÃ¡H}

^{2.4 ¶W¶V¦PV.S.²§ªº¼Ò¦¡
¦p¦ó¦b¦P©ÊÅÊV.S.²§©ÊÅʪº¼Ò¦¡¤§¥~¸ÑŪ¤k¦P§ÓÃö«Y¤Î±¡¼¤¡H¦p¦ó¦b¥D¬y²§©ÊÅÊÆ[©Àªº±j¶Õ¦¬½s¤Î¤k¦P§Ó¸sÅé¡u¤º³¡¡vªº¬Fªv¥¿½TÀ£¤O¤U¾Ö©ê¦U¦Ûªº¥Í¬¡¤Î±¡¼¤­·®æ¡H}

^{¡u©Ê¤p²³¤k©Ê¡v¦b³o¸Ì²ÎºÙ¾Ö¦³¤£¦P©Ê¼¤¿ï¾Ü¡B©Ê¦æ¬°¼Ò¦¡¡B©Ê¨­¥÷¤Î©Ê¬Fªvªº¤k©Ê¡A¡u¤p²³¡v«üªº¬OªÀ·|¤O¶q¤Î¦a¦ì¤Wªº®z¤p¡A¨Ã«D¼Æ¥Ø¤Wªº¤p¼Æ¡C§Ú­Ì¦P·N¡u©Ê¤p²³¡v©M¡u¦P§Ó¡v³£¬O´Iª§Ä³©Êªº¦WºÙ¡A¦]¦¹Åwªï¤j®a´N³o¨Ç¦WºÙ®i¶}°Q½×¤Î·N¨£¥æ´«¡C}

^{Ãöª`ijÃD2b¡J©Ê»P¨­Åé(©Ê¤u§@ªÌ)
¤jºõ¼¶¼g¡J«C³¾}

^­«ÂI¡J

^{¤@ª½¥H¨Ó¡A¤k©Ê©Ê¤u§@ªÌ³£³Q¬Ý¦¨¬O¡uÃa¤k¤H¡v¡F¦Ó©Ê¦æ·~(¶À¦â¨Æ·~)³o­Ó¡u³Ì¥j¦Ñªº¦æ·~¡v¤]¬O¤H­Ì²´¤¤³Ì¤£¹D¼w¡B»êżªºªÀ·|²{¶H¤§¤@¡C©_©Çªº¬O¡A¹ï³o¦æ·~¦³»Ý¨Dªº¬O¨k¤H¡A¸gÀç¦â±¡³õ©Òªº¬O¨k¤H¡A§è¥Ö±øªº¤]¬O¨k¤H¡Aµ¹µûÀ»§å§Pªº«o¬O´£¨ÑªA°Èªº¤@¤è¡G¤k©Ê©Ê¤u§@ªÌ¡C¦o­Ì«Ü¦h¤]¬O¬°¨k¤H¤u§@(¥]¬A¦Ñ¾[¤Î«È¤H)¡AÁÈ¿ú¸Ñ¨M§l¬r©Î¶Ý°s¤V¤Òªº¥Í­p°ÝÃD¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A¤k©Ê©Ê¤u§@ªÌ¬°¨k©Ê´£¨Ñ»Ý¨D·¥°ª¤§¥«³õªA°È¡A¦ýªÀ·|±q¨S¬Ý¨ì¦o­Ìªº»ù­È (±q¤£§â¦o­Ì·í¦¨¦³¥Îªº¤H)¡C³o­Ó¤u§@§{¦®¦b±´°Q³o¨Ç°ÝÃD¤Î¨ä¥LÃö©óªF¨È©Ê°Ó·~¬¡°Êªº°ÝÃD¡C}

^{«Øij°Q½×ÃD¥Ø¡G}

^{¨Ìªþ¦b¤k©Ê©Ê¤u§@ªÌªºªÀ·|¡B¸gÀÙ¦ÃÂI­I«á¡A¬O¤@ºØ«ç¼Ëªº¬Fªv¡H}
^{Åv¤O(¤×«ü¤÷Åv)¦b©Ê¦æ·~ùØ«ç¼ËºÉ¦ûÀu¶Õ¡H}

^{§A­Ìı±oªF¨Èªº¤å¤Æ¡A¦³§_¤Æ¤k©Ê©Ê¤u§@ªÌªº­t­±§Î¶H¡H}

^{ªF¨Èªº¤k©Ê¡AÀ³±Ä¬Æ»òµ¦²¤¡A´£¤É¤H­Ì¹ï¤k©Ê©Ê¤u§@ªÌªº´L·q©M¦o­Ìªº´LÄY¡H}

^{¦U°ê¬F©²¸Ó¬°©Ê¦æ·~°µ¨Ç¬Æ»ò¤u§@¡H}

ªð¦^

---

^{Ãöª`ijÃD3¡J°ü¤k»P¹q¤l¸ê°T
¤jºõ¼¶¼g¡J·s°ü¤k¨ó¶i·|}

^{¤k©Ê»P¡u¸ê°T¤Î³q°T¬ì§Þ¡v(ICT)}

^{ICT ¨Ã¨S¦³©ú½T(¬ù©w«U¦¨ªº)¤º®e¡A¦Ó¦³ÃöICT µo®iªº³Ì·s«Øij´N¬O¬ü°ê­Òij«Ø¥ßªº¤@­Ó¸ê°T°ª³t¤½¸ô(­ôº¸¡A1993)¥H¤Î¦p¼Ú¬w©Ò´£¥Xªº¡A¹F¦Ü¤@­Ó¸ê°TªÀ·|(¼Ú¬w©e­û·|¡A1994¡FCouncil of Europe)¡C¹q«H(telecommunication)¤Î¤¬Ápºôªºµo®i¡A¥i¯à¨Ï¤£¦Pªº¼Æ½X³q°T´CÅé(multi digital media of communication)¡A¦p®Ñ¥»(¤å¦r)¡B¦¬­µ¾÷(Án­µ)¡B¹qµø(¼v¹³)µ¥¯à³z¹L¹q¸£ºôµ¸¶×¶°°_¨Ó¡C¦Ó³oµ¥¬ì§Þ«h¬ÛÄ~¥[±j¤F¤W­z¼Ú¡B¬ü¦bICT ªºµo®i¤è­±¤§­p¹º¤§¥i¦æ©Ê¡C¥H¤Uªº«Øij´N¬O¦b³o­Ó«e´£¤U´£¥Xªº¡C}

^{¼Æ½X¤Wªº¤£¦P}

^{¦b³oùØ«ü¤k©Ê¸û¨k©Ê¤Ö¾÷·|±µÄ²ICT¡C¬Û¸û©ó¤wµo®i¦a°Ï¤Î«°¥«¡A³o°ÝÃD¦bµo®i¤¤°ê®a¥H¤Î¶m§ø¦a¤è§ó¬°ÄY­«¡F¦Ó¸û³h§x¤§¤k©Ê¦b³o¤è­±¤]¸û¸gÀÙ¥R¸Î¤§¤k©Ê¦YÁ«¡C}

^{±µÄ²ICT ¤§»Ùê¥]¬A¡G}

^{¯Ê¥F³q°T³]³Æ (¨Ò¦p¦b¶m§ø¦a¤è¨S¦³¤¬Ápºô)}
^{¹q¸£µ¥³]³Æ¶O¥Î©ù¶Q}

^{±µ»é(ºôµ¸)¶Q¥Î©ù¶Q}

^{±Ð¨|¤ô¥­§C / ¤åª¼}

^{»y¨¥»Ùê(¤¬Ápºô¤W­^»y¬°¥D­n»y¨¥)}

^{¹ï©ó¯Ê¥F¸ê°T¬ìªK°V½mªº¤k©Ê¡Aºô¤W«ÜÃø§ä¨ì¦³¥Î¸ê°T}

^{¤k©Ê¾Ç²ß¸ê°T¬ì§Þ¤£¨ü¹ªÀy}

^{¤k©Ê¨­­Ý¼Æ¾¡AÃø¥H©âªÅ¾Ç²ß}

^{¾Ö¦³Åvªº°ÝÃD(¨Ò¦p¡G°£«D¨üµP·Ó/(³\¥iÃÒµ¥)ªº­­¨î¡A§_«h°ÓÀç¾÷ºc§@¨M©w®É¦h¥H§Q¯q¬°¤j«e´£)}
^{³s±µºôµ¸¤§¬ì§Þ°ÝÃD(¨Ò¦p¡G¦b¶m§ø¦a°Ï¨Ï¥Î¬y°Ê¶Ç°T¨t²Î (mobile transmission system)¸û©Tºô¶Ç°T¨t²Î(fixed wire transmission)«K©y)}

^{ºôµ¸°t¸m°ÝÃD(¨Ò¦p¡G³q°Tºôµ¸¥u·|¦b¥æ³q·¥¬°¤è«Kªº«°¥«´£¨Ñ/§ä¨ì)}

^{¥Î¹q¸£/¤Wºô¦aÂI¡G(¦pªÀ°Ï¤¤¤ß¡Bºô§a)}

^{¤W¸£(¥Î¹q¸£¡H) ¶O¥Î¤Îµ|¶µ}

^{ICT ¤§°V½m}

^{«Ø¥ßÃö«Yºôµ¸ (¤£¤Ósure)}
^{Àò±o¸ê°T}

^{advocacy (¤£À´«üªº¬O¬Æ»ò)}

^{«Ø¥ß¨­¥÷}

^{ICT ¹ï¤k©Ê¥Í¬¡ªº¼vÅT}

^{¤£¦P¤è­±¡G}

^{¤u§@(¨Ò¦p¦³¨Ç¤H·|¨S¤u§@¡A¦³¨Ç·s¤u§@¾÷·|¥X²{¡A¾·~¯fµ¥...)}
^{®a®x(¨Ò¦p¡GÃö©óhome-making, ®a®x±Ð¨|¡B®a°·¦¨­ûªº°·±dµ¥ªº¸ê°T...)}

^{ºô¤W¤p²Õ (±¡ºü¤ä´©¡BªÀ¥æ°é¤l¤§ÂX¤j¡B²{¹ê¥Í¬¡¤¤ªº¥æ¤Í§Î¦¡¡B­·ÀIµ¥...)}

^{Ãöª`ijÃD5a¡J°ü¤k»P¤Ï§Ü¼É¤O¡]®a®x¼É¤O¡^
¤jºõ¼¶¼g¡J¸sºÖ¡B·s®a®x}

^{°ü¤k¤Ï§Ü®a®x¼É¤O¤§ªk«ß«O»Ù}

^{¦b¤j¦h¼Æ°ê®a¤¤, °ü¤k³£¬O®a®x¼É¤Oªº¥D­n¨ü®`¤H, ¦Ó¦o­Ì¥ç¨ü¨ì¬I­hªº¤V¤Ò©Î¦ñ«Qªº¦UºØ­h«Ý. µM¦Ó«Ü¦hªº°Q½×¤]¶°¤¤¦b¸É±Ï©Êªº¸Ñ¨M¤èªk¤S©ÎªÌ¬O¦p¦ó«O¦s®a®xªº§¹¾ã©Ê. ±q­»´äªÀ·|ºÖ§Q¸pªº²Î­p¼Æ¦r¤¤¬Ý¨ì­h©d­Ó®×¤£Â_¤Wª@, ³o¥ç¥i¯à¦]¬°³z¹L¤½²³±Ð¨|¥O§ó¦hªº°ü¤kª¾¹D¦Û§Ú«OÅ@¤Î«OÅ@«Ä¤lªºÅv§Q, ±q¦Ó¨M©wÖö}³Q­hªº³B¹Ò. ¦]¦¹¤@®M¥þ­±¦Ó¨ã¤k©Ê¨¤«×ªºªk¨Ò¥H«O»Ù°ü¤k¤Î°w¹ï¨¾¿m°ÝÃD¬O¤Q¤À­«­nªº. °£¤Fªk¨Ò¤§¥~, °õªk¤W¥ç¬O«D±`­«­n, ¨Ò¦pĵ¹î¯à§_°õ¦æªk¨Ò¨Ó«O»Ù³Q­h°ü¤kªºÅv§Q. ¥t¥~´N¬O³z¹L±Ð¨|¨Ï§ó¦h°ü¤k»{ÃѦۤv¬O¦³´x´¤¸ê®Æ, ¤Î¦æ¨Ïªk¨Ò«O»ÙªºÅv§Q. ³o¤u§@§{¬O§Æ±æ´NµÛªk¨Ò«O»Ù¤è­±§@¥X°Q½×.}

^{«Øij°Q½×ÃD¥Ø¡G}

¦bªF¨È°ê®a¤¤, ¤Ï®a¼Éªk¨Òªº±¡ªp¦p¦ó? ¤Îµû½×
²{¦sªºªk¨Ò¬O§_¥i¥H«O»Ù³Q­h°ü¤kªºÅv§Q? 

±j¨î©Ê»²¾Éªº¬Fµ¦»P°õ¦æ±¡�G¤Î¸gÅç¤À¨É? 

¦³¨ÇªF¨È°ê®a¤w¦³¤@®M¸û¥þ­±ªºªk¨Ò«O»Ù, °õªk¤è­±¬O§_¦³§xÃø ? 

²{¦sªk¨Ò¦b¯Ê¥F¤k©Ê¨¤«×¤U¦³¦ó°ÝÃD ? 

¦³¤@®M¨ã¤k©Ê¨¤«×¦Ó¥þ­±ªºªk¨Ò¤§­«­n©Ê¤Î³z¹L¬Æ»òµ¦��¥i±À°Ê²£¥Í³o¨î«×?

^{Ãöª`ijÃD5b¡J°ü¤k»P¤Ï§Ü¼É¤O¡]©Ê¼É¤O¡^
¤jºõ¼¶¼g¡JÃöª`°ü¤k©Ê¼É¤O¨ó·|}

^{¤Ï©Ê¼É¤O¹B°Êªº¦^ÅU»P«e¤ - ªÀ·|°ÊºAªº®i²{}

^{¤u§@§{¦®¦b¦^ÅU¦U¦a¤Ï©Ê¼É¤O¹B°Êªº§Î¦¨©Mµo®i¡A¨Ï°Ñ¥[ªÌ¯à°÷¤À¨É¤£¦P¦a¤èªº¸gÅç¡A¤¬¬Û»t¯q¡A±q¦Ó¾d©TªF¨È°Ï¤º¤Ï©Ê¼É¤O¹B°Êªº¤O¶q©M¨î©wµo®iµ¦²¤©M¥Ø¼Ð¡C}

^{¢°. ¤Ï©Ê¼É¤O¹B°Êªº¾ú¥v©M¼vÅT}

^{¤Ï©Ê¼É¤O¹B°Ê¥Ñ¸T§Ò¦Ü§Üª§¡A¦A¨ì¹F¿Ä¦X©Òµo®i¥X¨ÓªºªÀ·|¬Fµ¦¡A¬O¤£Â_°Q½×¡Aª§¨ú©M§´¨óªºµ²ªG¡C±qªk¨Òªº±À°Ê¨ì¤½²³ºA«×ªºÂàÅÜ¡A¬F©²¡B¤½²³¤Î°ü¤k¹ÎÅé³£¦b¬Û¤¬¼vÅT¡A®É¦Ó¤¬¸É¡A®É¦Ó§Ü¿Å¡AªíÅSµÛªÀ·|°ÊºAªº¦h¤¸¤Æ¡A¦P®É¤Þµo¹ï¤k©ÊÅv¯q¤Ï«ä»PÃöª`¡C¬ã°Q·|ªº­«ÂI¬O±q¦U¦a¤Ï©Ê¼É¤O¹B°Êªº¿³°_©Mµo®i¡A´N¹ï¬F©²¡B¤½²³¤Î°ü¤k¹ÎÅé¦b¤Ï©Ê¼É¤O¹B°Ê¤¤§êºtªº¨¤¦âªº½×­z¡A¦^ÅU¦U¦a¤Ï©Ê¼É¤O¹B°Êªº§Î¦¨©Mµo®i¹ï°ü¹Bªº¤Ï«ä¡C}

^{¢±. ¸gÅç¤À¨É}

^{°Ñ¥[ªÌ¥æ¬y¸gÅç¡A¤À¨É¤ß±o¡AÀË°Q¤Ï©Ê¼É¤O¹B°Êªº¦¨®Ä¡C§Æ±æÂǦ¹°Q½×¡AÁ`µ²¦¨¥\ªºµ¦²¤¡A¨Ã¹Îµ²ªF¨È°Ï¤º°ü¤k¹ÎÅé¤O¶q¡A¬°¤Ï©Ê¼É¤O¹B°Êª`¤J·s­ì¯À¡A¥H«K¨î©w§ó¦¨¥\ªºµ¦²¤©M©ú½Tªº¤è¦V¡C}

^{«Øij°Q½×ÃD¥Ø¡G}

^{²¤¶·í¦a¤Ï©Ê¼É¤O¹B°Êªº¾ú¥v¡A¦ó®É®i¶}©M±À°Ê±¡ªp¡H¦b·í¦a°ü¹B©Òµo´§ªº§@¥Î¡H}
^{¬F©²¦b¤Ï©Ê¼É¤O¹B°Ê¤¤©Ò«ùªººA«×©M±À¦æªº¬Fµ¦¡H}

^{¤½²³ºA«×¡]«D¬F©²¤Î°ü¤k¹ÎÅé¥H¥~ªºªÀ¸s¡A¥]¬A¡G¶Ç´C¡AªÀ°Ï»â³S¡A©~¥Á¡A±M·~¹ÎÅéµ¥µ¥¡^«ç¼Ë¼vÅT¤Ï©Ê¼É¤O¹B°Êªºµo®i¡A©Î«ç¼Ë¨ü¨ì¹B°Êªº¼vÅT¦Ó§ïÅÜ¡H}

^{°ü¤k¹ÎÅé§Q¥Î¤°»òªºµ¦²¤¥h±À°Ê¤Ï©Ê¼É¤O¹B°Ê¡H¦p¦ó¨Ï¥Î¨ä¥L¦a°Ïªº°ü¤k¹ÎÅ骺¸ê·½©M¤O¶q¥h«ç¼Ë¨ó§UÀ°¦£¡H}

^{©Ê¼É¤O­Æ¦sªÌ¹ï¤Ï©Ê¼É¤O¹B°Êªº°Ñ»P¤Î¦b¹B°Ê¤¤ªº¨¤¦â©w¦ì¡H}

^{¬F©²¡B¤½²³¤Î°ü¤k¹ÎÅé¤T¤è­±±À°Ê¤Ï©Ê¼É¤O¹B°Êªº¨ó½Õ»P°t¦X±¡ªp¡HÂk¯Ç¦¨¥\¤Î¥¢±Ñ¦]¯À¡C}

^{¦^ÅU¾ã­Ó¤Ï©Ê¼É¤O¹B°Êªº¸gÅç¡AÀË°Q¨ä¦¨¥\»P¥¢±Ñ¤§³B©M¤Ï«ä¹B°Êªº¦¨®Ä¡C}

^{Á`µ²¦¨¥\¸gÅç¡A¦U¦a°Ïªº°ü¤k¹ÎÅé¥i¥H¦p¦ó¦X§@¥h¨î­q§ó¨Îªºµ¦²¤©M©ú½Tªº¤è¦V¡C}

^{®i±æ¥¼¨Ó¡A¤Ï©Ê¼É¤O¹B°Ê·|¹J¨ì¤°»òªº¬D¾Ô©M¾÷¹J¡H¤Ï©Ê¼É¤O¹B°Ê«ç¼Ë¦V«eÁÚ¶i¡H}

^{Ãöª`ijÃD6¡J°ü¤k»PÀô¹Ò«O¨|
¤jºõ¼¶¼g¡J¤å«ä¼z}

^{¤k©Ê»PÀô¹ÒªºÃö«Y²`»·¡A¨Ã¤£¥u¬O¹³ªñ¦~¨Óªº¡u·sµo²{¡v©Ò«ü¡G¤k©Ê§@¬°¤Ñ¥Íªº·ÓÅUªÌ¡A¦]¦¹¤]¬O¤j¦ÛµMªº·ÓÅUªÌ¡C}

^{­n²`¤J©ú¥Õ¤k©Ê»PÀô¹ÒªºÃö«Y¡A§Ú­Ì --¯S§O ¡AÁö¤£³æ¬O¥Í¬¡¦b«°¥«¤¤ªº§Ú­Ì**¥²¶·­«·s¼fµø¡u°l´M²{¥N©Ê¡v¦¹·NÃÑ«¬ºA¡A¥H¤Î¥¦¥]§tªº¹ï¹A§ø¥Í¬¡¤Î¦Û¨¬¸gÀÙ(¾ú¥v)ªº ¬n¦±´yø¡C§Ú­Ì¤£¦A (¤]¤£¦b·N) ÁA¸Ñ¤k©Ê¦p¦ó¡u»P¦ÛµMºò±K¦X§@¡v¨Ó½T«O¾ã­ÓªÀ°Ï¥Í¬¡ªººÖ¬ç¡F´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A³q¹L¡u( ¿ù»~)±Ð¨|¡v§Ú­Ì²ßºD¥h©¿µø¤k©Ê©Ò¾Ö¦³ªºª¾ÃÑ --¦Ó³oºØª¾ÃѬO¡u¥»¤gªº¡v¡B¬O¥»¦a¥Í²£©M¥»¦a®ø¶O©Ò¨ÌÂkªº¡C¦P¼Ë­«­nªº¡A¬O³oºØ¦Û¨¬¸gÀÙ¤Uªºª¾ÃÑÅé¨t¨Ã¤£·|¥Í²£¡u¼oª«¡v (§ó¤£¥Î»¡»Ý­n¦b¦Û®a©Î§O¤Hªº«á¶é¥á±ó©U§£)¡C¦]¦¹¯à§Î¦¨¤@ºØµL¶·­é«dÀô¹Ò /¸ê·½¡B¤]¤£·|/·¥¤Ö±Æ©ñ¦Ã¬Vªº¥i«ùÄò¥Í¬¡¡C}

^{¤k©Êªºª¾ÃѬO¥i«ùÄòªº¡A¤£¥u¦]¬°¥¦±j½Õ¤£¥i®ö¶O¡A¨º§ó¬O¤@ºØÅGÃÒªºª¾ÃÑ¡A§Y¬O»¡¨º¬O¤@ºØ¥H¤À¨É¡Bºò±K¥æ¬y¤Î»P¥»¦a±¡ªp¤¬°ÊªºÃö«Y¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¤@ºØ±M§Qªº¡B±Æ¥~ªº¡B¯«¯µ©ÎÅv«Âªºª¾ÃÑ¡C¦]¦¹¡A³o¬O¤@ºØ¯u¥¿ªº¤O¶q¡A¯u¥¿¥i¥H±N¥»¤gªÀ°Ï¥Í¬¡©âÂ÷©ó¥þ²y¥«³õ¤Î¥þ²y¤Æª÷¿ú»ù­Èªº¤O¶q¡A¬O¤Ï§Ü³o­Ó³æ¤@¡BÅQÅv¥@¥Nªº¤@ºØ¦Û¥D¤O¶q¡C}

^{±q³oùؤޥӥX¨Óªº¨ä¤¤¤@¶µ°Q½×¬O¡G¸ê°T¬ì§Þ±j½Õ³t«×¡B¤£Â_§ó·s (©Ò¿×¶i¨B)¡B¼Ð·Ç¤Æ¡B¡u±M®a¡vª¾ÃÑ¡B©â¶H²Å¸¹(¼Æ½X¤Æ) µ¥µ¥¯S©Ê¡A»P¤k©Ê´Ó®Ú¥»¤g¹ê»Ú¸gÅç©Ò±oªº¦Ó¦P®É²Å¦X¥ÍºAªºª¾ÃÑÄY­«½Ä¬ð¡C¦]¦¹¦b°Q½×¡u¤k©Ê»P¸ê°T¬ì§Þ¡v³o­Ó½ÒÃD®É»Ý­nªº¬O§ó²`¼hªº¤Ï«ä¡A¦Ó¤£¬O²{®É¬y¦æªº¡u¤k©Ê»Ý¦³¥­µ¥¾÷·|±µÄ²¸ê°T¬ì§Þ¡v³o¤@°jÁפF®Ö¤ß°ÝÃD ªº½×­z¡C}

^{­È±o±´°QªºÁÙ¦³¤k©Êª¾ÃѤ¤ªº¥ÍºA¤¸¯À¦p¦ó»P©M¥­¹B°Ê¡B­ì©~¥Á¹B°Ê¡B¹A¥Á¹B°Êµ¥³s±µ°_¨Ó¡C}

^{Á`¬A¦Ó¨¥¡A¡u¤k©Ê»PÀô¹Ò¡v³o­Ó½ÒÃD¥]§t¤@¨t¦C¦³½ìªº°Q½×¡A¦pªG·Q²`¤J°Q½×³o¨Ç½ÒÃD¡A§Ú­Ì¥²¶·©ú¥Õ¤k©Ê¦bªø¤[¾ú¥v¥H¨Ó¥Í²£ª«½è¤Î¤å¤Æ¡u³f«~¡v(¨}«~)¦Ó«Ø¥ß°_ªº¦Û¥D¨­¥÷¡A¤Î¨ä¹ï¨­Ã䤣¦P¥Í¬¡Àô¹Òªº´L­«¡C¦o­Ì¹ïª¾ÃѪº°^Äm¡AªÖ©w¤ñ²{®É¶°¤¤¦b°ü¤k¦p¦ó²Õ´¯ó®Ú¸sÅ骺§Þ³N©Ê °Q½×©Ò¯A¤Îªº¡A¨Ó±o§ó²`§ó¼s¡C}

^{**¡u°l´M²{¥N©Ê¡v§@¬°·NÃÑ«¬ºA¤§©Ò¥H¯à¼sªx¦ù®i¨ì¥þ²y¦U¦a (¯S§O¬OªF¨È)¡A·í¤¤¥D­nªº´ë¹D¬O²{¥N°ê®a¾÷¾¹¡A¦Ó¨ä¤¤³Ì¨ã¼vÅT¤OªºÀô¸` ®£©È¬O¡u²{¥N±Ð¨|¡v¡C}

¡@

^{Ãöª`ijÃD7¡J°ü¤k»P±Ð¨|
¤jºõ¼¶¼g¡J­»´ä°ü¤k¤¤¤ß¨ó·|}

^{¤k©Ê¦b±µ¨ü±Ð¨|¹Lµ{¤¤­±Á{µÛª½±µ¤ÎÁô©Êªº»Ùê¡A¾É­P¦³¤£¥­µ¥ªº¾Ç²ß¸gÅç¡D±Ð¨|¥»¨­§@¬°ªÀ±Ð¤Æªº¤u¨ã¤Î¹Lµ{¡A§ó°_µÛ©Ê§O±Ð¨|¤Î±j¤Æ©w«¬ªº¼vÅT¡D¨ì©³±Ð¨|ªº¼Ò¦¡¦p¦ó¼vÅT¤k©Êªº¥Í¬¡¿ï¾Ü¡H±Ð¨|ªº¥Ø¼Ð¬O«ç¼Ë«Øºcªº¡H}

^{²{¦sªº¦¨¤H±Ð¨|»P¸gÀÙ±¾¤Ä¡A¦ü¥G¶i­×»P­Ó¤H¼W­È¡A¹F¨ì¼W¥[­Ó¤H¦b³Ò¤u¥«³õªºÄ³»ù¯à¤Oªº¥Øªº¤£¥i¤À³Î¡C¦¨¤H±Ð¨|ªº¥Ø¼Ð¤Î¤º®eÀ³¥]¬A¬Æ»ò¡H¥t¥~¡A¦¨¤H±Ð¨|½Òµ{ªº¶O¥Î¤£µá¡A¤£¬O¤@¯ë¯Ê¥F¸gÀÙ¯à¤Oªº¤k©Ê¥i¥H­t¾áªº¡A³o¼Ë¥u·|¥[²`ªÀ·|ªº¨â©Ê¤£¥­µ¥¤Î¤k©Êªº®z¶Õ¡C}

^{«Øij°Q½×ÃD¥Ø¡G}

^{¨C­Ó¦a°Ïªº¦¨¤H±Ð¨|¨î«×¦U¦³¯S¦â¡A¥¦­Ì¦p¦ó¥´¯}¨î«×¤ºªº¨â©Ê¤£¥­µ¥¡H}
^{¬F©²¦b³o¤è­±§êºt¤°»ò¨¤¦â¤Î¦³¤°»ò³d¥ô¡H}

^{«ç¼Ëªº°ü¤k¦¨¤H±Ð¨|¼Ò¦¡¾A¦X°ü¤k¡H}

^{±Ð¨|/¦¨¤H±Ð¨|ªº¥Ø¼Ð¬O¬Æ»ò?}

^{¦³­þ¨ÇªÀ·|¤å¤Æ¦]¯À»Ùꥭµ¥ªº±Ð¨|¡H}

^{Ãöª`ijÃD8¡J°ü¤k¸gÀÙ°Ñ»P
¤jºõ¼¶¼g¡J°ü¤k³Ò¤u¨ó·|¡B¾¤u·ù°ü©e¡B°ü¤k¤¤¤ß}

^{°ü¤k¸gÀÙ°Ñ»P¤Î«O»Ù}

^{¦b¥þ²y¤Æ¸gÀÙµo®i¼vÅT¡B¥[¤W¦U¦a©x°Ó¤Äµ²ªº¸gÀÙ¹B§@¤U¡A´N·~³h½aÁͦV¡§¤k©Ê¤Æ¡¨¡A³Ò°Ê°ü¤k¥¿­±¹ïµÛ¤u§@Ãä½t¤Æ¡]¥~§P¡B¦X¬ù¡BÁ{®É¡B­Ý¾¡B´²¤uµ¥¡^¡B§C¤u¸ê©M§C§Þ³Nªº´N·~¼Ò¦¡¡Q§ó¾D¨ü¦~ÄÖª[µøªº§xÂZ¡C¦b³Ò°Ê¥«³õ¤W©Ê§O¤À¤u²{¶H¤´µM´¶¹M¡A°ü¤kªº³Ò°Ê»ù­È¤ñ¨k©Ê³Ò¤u§ó¤£³Q­«µø¡A§ó¯Ê¥F«O»Ù¡Q¦Ó°ü¤k¥¢·~¤]¦¨¬°¡§Áô©Ê¥¢·~°ÝÃD¡¨¡A¤£¦P¦a°Ïªº¬F©²³£¥Î¤W¤£¦Pªº¤èªkÁô¨S°ü¤k¥¢·~ªºÄY­«©Ê¡C¥¢·~°ü¤k³Q¬É©w¬°"®a®x¥D°ü"¡A³à¥¢¤F³Ò°Ê¤H¤fªº¨­¥÷¡C±N¥¢·~°ü¤kÁô§Î¤Æ¡A©ó¬O³Ò¤u¬Fµ¦ªº¨î©w©Mµo®i´Nºzµø¥¢·~ªº¤k©Ê³Ò°Ê¤H¤fªº»Ý­n¡I}

^{¦b³o¨Ç¥H¥«³õ»ù­È¨Ó¿Å¶q¤Hªº»ù­ÈªºªÀ·|¡Q¨C¤é©Ó¾áµÛ®a°È³Ò°Ê¡B·ÓÅUªø¥®ªº¤u§@ªº®a®x¥D°ü¡A¦]¬°¬O¤@¥÷µL¹S³Ò°Ê¡A©Ò¥H"»ù­È"´NÅܦ¨¤£¦s¦b¡C¦b³Ò°Ê²Î­p¤¤¨S¦³¦C¥X©Î­pºâ®a®x¥D°üªº³Ò°Ê°Ñ»P©M¥I¥X¡A¦b«ö³Ò¤À°tªºªÀ·|ºÖ§Q(¦p¡J±j¿nª÷)¤¤¤]¨S¦³¦Ò¼{®a®x¥D°üªºÀ³¦³«O»Ù©M·ÓÅU¡C©¿²¤®a®x¥D°üªº³Ò°Ê¤O¡B¤]´N©Ù¥h®a®x·ÓÅU¤u§@ªº°^Äm¡Q³o¤£¬O³æ¤@ªº©Î¥²µMªº¨Æ¥ó¡A¬O¤Ï¬MªÀ·|ªº©Ê§O¿ôı°ÝÃD¡B¬F©²¤À°t³Ò°Ê¦^³øªº¤½¥­°ÝÃD¡C}

^{«Øij°Q½×ÃD¥Ø¡G}

<sup>1. ¦³¹S³Ò°Ê

1.1 °ü¤kÁô©Ê¥¢·~©M´N·~³h½a¤k©Ê¤Æªº°ÝÃD¡A»P"¨â©Ê¥­µ¥´N·~"ªº¥Ø¼Ð­I¹D¦Ó¹£¡A¦pªG¤£¸Ñ¨M±N³y¦¨«ç»ò¼ËªºªÀ·|°ÝÃD¡H</sup>

^{1.2 ¬F©²¬Fµ¦À³¸Ó¦p¦ó«P¶i°ü¤k³Ò°Ê´N·~¡B§ïµ½©Ê§O¤À¤u±¡ªp¡B¥H¤Î«O»ÙÃä½t³Ò°Ê°ü¤kªº³B¹Ò¡H}

^{1.3 «D¬F©²²Õ´À³¥H¦óºØ²Õ´µ¦²¤¡A¥H¾®»E³Ò°Ê°ü¤kªº¤O¶q¥h§Üª§³Ò°Ê¦a¦ì©MÅv¯q¡H}

<sup>2. µL¹S³Ò°Ê

2.1 ¥H¬Æ»ò¼Ð·Ç¡B¿Å¶q¤è¦¡©M«O»Ù¨î«×§ó¯à¤Ï¬M®a®x·ÓÅUªÌªº³Ò°Ê¶q»ù­È¡H</sup>

^{2.2 °ü¤k®a°È³Ò°ÊµL¹S¤Æ¨Ã«D¤ÑµM¨Æ¥ó¡A¦b§Î¦¨¹Lµ{¤¤¤å¤ÆªÀ·|¦]¯À¬O¦p¦ó°_µÛ±Àªi§UÄiªº§@¥Î¡H}

^{2.3 «D¬F©²²Õ´À³¥H¦óºØ²Õ´µ¦²¤¡A¬°®a®x·ÓÅUªÌ¥RÅv¡B¥Hª§¨úªÀ·|¹ï®a°È³Ò°ÊªºªÖ©w©M½T»{¡H}

^{Ãöª`ijÃD9¡J©v±Ð»PÆF©Ê
¤jºõ¼¶¼g¡J°ü¤k°ò·þ®{¨ó·|}

^{¥´¯}µê°²ªº¥­µ¥¡A§ó·s°ü¤k¦b©v±Ð¤Wªº¤O¶q}

^{¬°¦ó¬O¡u©v±Ð»PÆF©Ê¡v¡H}

^{§Ú­Ì§â¤u§@§{©w¬°¡u©v±Ð»PÆF©Ê¡v¡A¥H§ó²[¬Aªº¨¤«×±´¨s¤k©Êªº©v±Ðºë¯«¹ï¨ä¦Û¨­¡B®a®x¡BªÀ·|¥Í¬¡¤Î¤å¤Æ½dÃ¥ªº¤¬°Ê©M¼vÅT¡C©v±Ð©MÆF©Ê¨âªÌÁö¬Ý¬Oªñ¦üªº½dÃ¥¡A¦ý¤¤¶¡¤´¦s¦³¤£¥i©Ù·Ùªº¤À§O¡FµM¦Ó¡A¤GªÌ¤§¶¡«o¦P®É¦s¦bµÛ¤dµ·¸UÁ\¡B¤£¥i¤À³ÎªºÃö«Y¡C¤@¤è­±¡A¤£½×¬O«Ø¨îÁÙ¬O¥Á¶¡«H¥õµ¥µ¥ªº½ÑºØ©v±Ð¡A³£¤£¨¬¥Hµ¥¦P©Ò¦³ªºÆF©Ê¹ê½î¡AÆF©Ê¦³®É­Ô¬Æ¦Ü¶W¥X©v±Ð½dÃ¥¡A¤×¨ä°ü¤kÆF©Ê¥¿´£¥X¦@¿Ä©Ê¡B¾ãÅé©Êªº¦V«×¤F¸Ñ¤k©Ê¥Í¬¡¹ê½î©M¨­Å鬡°Ê¤¤ªºÆF©Ê®i²{¡F¥t¤@¦Q¸Þªº¬O¡A©v±Ð¹ê½î¦³®É¥ç¤£¥²µMÃö¥GÆF©Ê¡C¤@ª½¥H¨Ó¡A©v±Ð¦¨¬°ÆF©Êªº¥N¨¥¤H¡A©ÎªÌ¹L©ó²³æ±NÆF©Ê®z¤Æ¬°©v±Ð¡A¤j³¡¤ÀªºÆF©Ê¹ê½îÁ`§K¤£¤F³Q¦¬Âk©ÎªþÄݩ󤣦Pªº©v±Ð¤Î¨ä½×­z¤¤¡A©ÎÆF©Ê¸gÅç¬O³q¹L¬Y¨Ç©v±Ð«H¥õ¹ê½î¤~¯àÀò±o¡A¹ï¦¹¹ê¦b¤£´±­e¦P¡C¦b³o¸Ì¡AÆF©Ê¹ê½î»P©v±Ð¸gÅç¬O¬ÛÃöªº½ÒÃD¡A¨âªÌ³£¯A¤Î¤H¦bÆF©Ê¤Wªº²×·¥ÃöÃh»P¦w¾Í³B¡C}

^{µM¦Ó¡A©v±Ðªº¥X²{¬J·½¦Û¤HÃþªºÆF©Ê¸gÅç¡A¥ç¬O¤HÃþ¬°¥@¬É©M¦Û¤vªº¦s¦bµ¹¤©¸ÑÄÀ©M·N¸q¡A¦Ó¤j³¡¤À©v±Ðªº¨Ï©R§ó¬O­nºû«ù¥Ñ¦¹­l¥Í¥X¨Óªº­Û²z¡B¯´§Ç©M»ù­ÈÆ[¡C¦¹¥~¡A©v±ÐÅÞ¿è¨t²Îªº«Ø¥ß¡A»P¦Û¨ä¨­³BªºªÀ·|ªºÅÞ¿è©M»ù­È¨t²Î®§®§¬ÛÃö¡C¦]¦¹¡A§Ú­Ì¤£¥i¯à¤Ñ¯u¦a¬Û«H¡A©v±Ð»PÆF©Ê¬O»ù­È¤¤¥ß¡A¤×¨ä¦b©Ê§OªºÄ³ÃD¤W¡C}

^{³o¥¿¬O§Ú­Ì´£¥X¤µ¦¸¤u§@§{¥DÃDªº¥Î·N¡GÅý©v±Ð¤¤ªº©Ê§O°ÝÃD¡þijÃDÃn¥ú¡A±N¤§¸Ñ©î¡A¨Ã´M§ä¤k©Ê¦b©v±Ð¤Wªº§ó·s¤O¶q¡CªF¨È¦a°Ï¬JµM¦s¦³¦h¤¸ªº©v±Ð¹ê½î©MÆF©Ê¶Ç²Î¡A¥»¤u§@§{¯S§OÃöª`°ü¤k¦b³o¨ÇÆF©Ê¬¡°Ê¤Wªº°Ñ»P¸gÅç©MªÅ¶¡¡C¦¹¥~¡A§Ú­Ì¥ç´M¯Á³o¨Ç©v±Ð¤O¶q¦p¦ó§ó·s°ü¤kªÀ·|¦a¦ì©ÎÅé²{°ü¤k¦¨¬°ªÀ·|ÅÜ­²ªº¥ý¾W©M¦æ¤OªÌ(social actor/ agent)¡A¨Ã´M°Ý³o¨Ç¤O¶q»PªÀ·|ÅÜ­²¦³¦óÃö«Y¡H}

^{«Øij°Q½×ÃD¥Ø¡G±q©Ê§O¨¤«×´£¥X¡u¯}¡v»P¡u¥ß¡v¡A¥H±´¯ÁªF¨È¤¤©Ê§O¤Æªº©v±Ð©MÆF©Ê¹ê½î}

^{½×ÃD¤@¡G¡u¯}¡v¡A´¦¥Ü©v±Ð¸Ìµê°²ªº¥­µ¥
©v±Ð¤@ª½±j½Õ¥­µ¥¹ï«Ý¡A¦ý¤@ª½¤£ªÖ­±¹ï±Ð¨î¤ºªº©Ê§O¤£¥­µ¥¹ê½î¡C¤k©ÊÁöµM¤@ª½§ë¨­©Î°Ñ»P²³¦hªº©v±Ð¬¡°Ê¡A¦ý«o³Q±Ð¨î½á¤©¸û±qÄݪº¦ì¸m¡C§Ú­Ì­n°l´M¡B´¦¥Ü¡B¥´¯}¨º¨Çªí­±¤W¡B±Ð¸q¡þ±Ð²z¤W´£¥X¥­µ¥«H®§¡A¹ê½î¤W«o¥Rº¡©Ê§O¤£¥­µ¥ªºµê°°©MÁà­®ªº¯u¹ê±¡ªp¡C³o¬O¡u¯}¡vªºµ¦²¤¡C}

^{½×ÃD¤G¡G¡u¥ß¡v¡A§ó·s°ü¤k¦b©v±Ð¤Wªº¤O¶q¡A´£¥X³o¤O¶q¦¨¬°ªÀ·|¤Î©v±ÐÅÜ­²ªº¯à·½©M°Ê¤O¦b¡u¥ß¡vªºµ¦²¤¤W¡A§Ú­Ì´£¥X©v±Ð¦P¼Ë¦³«Ø³]©Êªº¸ê·½¡A³oµø¥G¹ê½îªÌ¦Ó©w¡A°ü¤k¤@ª½³z¹L©v±ÐªºªÅ¶¡¡A¨Ó¹ê½î¦o­Ìªº¤O¶q¡A§Ú­Ì§Æ±æ³z¹L¤£¦P¦a¤è¤p¸sÅ骺§Ü¿Å©M¹ê½î¡A´£¥X©v±Ð»â°ì¦P¼Ë¬O°ü¤k°ö¤ß¾i¤Oªº¶é¦a¡C³o¨Ç°ü¤k¤O¶q¤£³æ§½­­©ó©v±Ð»PÆF©Ê½dÃ¥¡A¥Ñ©ó©v±Ð»PªÀ·|»ù­È¡B¹ê½î¤D¬Û¤¬¼vÅT¡A¤¬¬Ûº¯³z©Ò¥H¡A³o¨Ç©v±Ð¤O¶q¦P¼Ë¥i¯à¤Þ¾ÉªÀ·|ÅÜ­²¡CÁܽЦU¤Í¦n¤À¨É§A­Ì¤£¦P¸sÅ骺³Ð·N¹ê½î¡C}

^{Ãöª`ijÃD10¡J¬°©M¥­§V¤Oªº¤k©Ê - ¤k©Êªº©M¥­
¤jºõ¼¶¼g¡J}

^{¤k©Ê¥D¸qªÌ¤u§@¤W©Ò«üªº¡u©M¥­¡v¬O¤@­Ó¥þ­±©Êªº·N©À¡C¥¦¤£³æ«ü¨S¦³¾Ôª§ªº¥@¬É¡A¥¦ÁÙÃöª`¨ì¤k©Ê¡B«Ä¤l¡B¥H¦Ü¨ì¨C¤@­Ó¤Hªº°ò¥»Åv§Q¤Î»Ý­n¡C¹ï©ó¤k©Ê¡A¡u©M¥­¡v³Ì²×¤]Â÷¤£¶}¡u¦w¥þ¡v¡A¨S¦³¤F¥¦´N½Í¤£¤W¥­µ¥¡B§K¨üª[µø©MÀ£­¢¡A¤]½Í¤£¤W¨M©w¦Û¤v¥Í¬¡©M¤u§@ªºÅv§Q¡B¥þ­±§ë¤J®a®x©MªÀ·|µ¥ªF¦è¤F¡C}

^{¬Æ»ò¬O¡u©M¥­¡v¡H
®Ú¾Ú²{¥ôChair of the Defence select Committee in South Africa, Thandi Modise¡A©M¥­¦³¨â­Ó­«­n°ò¦¡G(¤Þ­z¦Û²üÄõ®ü¤ú©M¥­¶D¨D¦æ°Ê¤§³ø§i®Ñ)}

^{¡u­º¥ý¡A­n¦³¤º³¡Áô©w¡A§Ú­ÌªºªÀ·|¡B¸gÀÙ©M¬Fªv¤~¯à¶i¨B¡C¦bªÀ·|½dÃ¥¸Ì¡A¤k©Ê§Æ±æ±o¨ì¦w¥þ¡C³o¼vÅT¤F§Ú­Ì«ç¼Ë¬Ý¦w¥þ¡C¬O§_§Ú¦b¥b©]ªº¬ù¿«¤º´µ³ù(Johnannesburg) ¯d¦b®aùؤ£¥Xªù´N·|«Ü¦w¥þ¡Hµ´¹ï¤£¬O¡C¬O§_³o¼Ë§Ú´N¥i¥H»¡§Ú¬¡¦b©M¥­¤¤¡H¦pªG§Ú¦^®a³~¤¤­n¾á¤ß®aùØ·|§_¥X¨Æ¡A¨º¬O§_ÁÙ¥i¥H»¡§Ú¸gÀÙ¤W¥¿¦b¦nÂà¡H§Ú©M¨ä¥L¤k©Ê´N¤£¯à³o¼Ë»¡¤F¡C©Ò¥H¡u©M¥­¡v¹ï§Ú­Ìªº¥Í¬¡®Ú¥»°_¤£¤F¬Æ»ò§@¥Î¡K¡v}

^{¬Æ»ò¬O¡u¦w¥þ¡v¡H
The "International Women's Summit¡Gµ¹¦w¥þ­«·s©w¸q" ©ó2000¦~¤»¤ë¦b¤é¥»¨R÷Á|¦æ¡C¶W¹L200 ¦W°ü¤k±q¨R÷¡B¤é¥»¥»¤g¡B«nÁú¡Bµá«ß»«¡Bªi¦h¾¤¦U¤Î¬ü°ê»E­º¤@°ó¡A´N¨È¬w¤Î¤Ó¥­¬v¦a°Ï­x¨Æ¨¾½Ã¤è­±ªº­t­±¼vÅT¥æ¬y¸ê°T¡A¨Ã¤À¨É¦b¨¾¤î­x¨Æ¼É¦æ¤ÎÀ°§U¨ä¨ü®`ªÌ¤è­±ªº§V¤O¡C³o¦¸®p·|ÀòOkinawa Women Act Against Military Violence ¥H¤Îthe East Asia-US Women's Network Against Militarism ÃÙ§U¡A¨Ãµoªí¤F¤@¥÷­P¤K¤j¤u·~°ê­º¸£ªºÁn©ú¡C¤K¤j°ê´¿©ó7 ¤ë¶}¨ä¨R÷®p·|¡C} 

^{®p·|Ápµ¸¤HSuzuyo Takazato §i¶D»P·|ªÌ¡A¸Ó¹B°Êªº¦¨¥\¡A¦³¿à©ó²Õ´¦æ°Ê­p¹º¥h­«·s©w¸q¦w¥þ¡A¥H¤Î°±¤î¹ï¤k©Êªº¼É¦æ¡C¦b³Ì«áÁn©úùظӲÕ´¦A¦¸ªÖ©w¡A¯u¥¿ªº¦w¥þ¬O«Ø°ò©ó¥H¤U¥|­Ó­ì«h¡G}

^{ºû«ù¤@­Ó¯àÅý¤HÃþ¤Î¤j¦ÛµM¥Íª«¥Í¦sªºÀô¹Ò¡F}
^{º¡¨¬¤HÃþ³Ì°ò¥»¤§¥Í¦s»Ý­n¡G¨¬°÷ªº­¹ª«¡B¦çªA¡B¦í©Ò¡BÂåÀø©M±Ð¨|¡F}

^{´L­«¤HÃþ³Ì°ò¥»ªº´LÄY¡A¥H¤Î¤£¦Pªº¤å¤Æ¨­¥÷¡F¥H¤Î}

^{«OÅ@¤HÃþ¥H¤Î¦ÛµMÀô¹Ò§K¨ü¤£¥²­nªº¶Ë®`¡C}

^{«Øij°Q½×ÃD¥Ø¡G}

^{§A¬O§_»{¦P³o¨ÇÃö©ó¡u©M¥­¡v©M¡u¦w¥þ¡vªº·§©À¡H}
^{¦b§Aªº°ê®a©Î¥»¦aªÀ°ÏùØ¡A§A©Ò¹J¨ì¹L³ÌÄY­««Â¯Ù¨ì©M¥­©M¦w¥þªº¬O¬Æ»ò¡H}

^{§A¬O§_¦³°Ñ¤©ªý¤î¦¹µ¥«Â¯Ùªº¦æ°Ê¡H¦b§A©ÒÁ٨쪺±¡ªp¤U¡A§A¤S«ç¼Ë´£­Ò©M¥­»P¦w¥þ¡H§A¬O§_¦¹Ãþ¤u§@¹ÎÅ餤ªº¤@¥÷¤l¡H}

^{§Aı±o¦³¨S¦³¥i¯à¦³¤@¤Ñ¡A©Ò¦³¤H³£¬¡¦b¥­µ¥¡B©M¥­©M¦w¥þ¤§¤¤¡H}

^{¹ï©ó²{¦³ªº¦æ°Ê¡A§A¦³¨S¦³¥ô¦ó«Øij¥h­q¥X·sªºµ¦²¤¡A¥H±a¨Ó¯uªºªº©M¥­»P¦w¥þ¡H¦b³o­Ó¤u§@§{ùاA¦b°Q½×«á·|«ç¼Ë¸ò¶i¡H}

^{Ãöª`ijÃD11¡J°ü¤k»P«°¶mµo®i
¤jºõ¼¶¼g¡J¤k©ÊÁpºô}

^{«°¥«¤Æ¹ï°ü¤k³Ò°ÊªÌªº¼vÅT¡]¯óÀÀ¡^}

^{¦bµo®i¤¤¦a°Ï¡A«°¥«¤Æ¬°«°¶m°ü¤k´£¨Ñ¤F§ó¦h±µ¨ü±Ð¨|©M´N·~¾÷·|¡C¹ï¤_¶m§ø°ü¤k¨Ó»¡¡A«°¥«¤Æ¹ï¤_¥L­Ìªº¼vÅT¤×¨ä¤j¡A¦o­Ì¤ñ¦b¹A§ø®É§ó®e©ö±µÄ²¼sÁ諸¥@¬É¡F®aªø»P®a±Úªº±±¨î«d®z¤F¡A¨Ï¤k©Ê¸û¦³¥i¯à¿W¥ß¦Û¥D¡C¦ý¬O¥Ñ©ó¤k©Ê¤£§Qªº°_ÂI¡]´¶¹M±µ¨ü±Ð¨|¤ñ¨k©Ê¤Ö¡A¦b®a¤¤¡BªÀ·|¤¤ªº¥DÅv¸û¤Ö¡^¡A«°Âí¸gÀÙµo®i¡BÂ૬¤Î¦Û¥Ñ¥«³õÂX¤j®É¡A¤j³¡¥÷°ü¤k³Ò°ÊªÌ§Y¨Ï§ä¨ì¤u§@¡A¥ç­n³QÃä½t¤Æ¡B§C¼h¤Æ¡C¨Ó¦Û¹A§øªº¤k¤u¤×¨ä¦p¦¹¡C}

^{¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¹A§ø¸gÀÙ¿½±ø©Î¤g¦a³Q¦¬ÁÊ¡A¹G¨Ï°ü¤k¤J«°±q¨Æ§C¤u¸ê¡B¤£Ã­©w¤ÎÀô¹Ò´c¦Hªº¤u§@¡C±q«e¦b¹A§ø¹LµÛ°ò¥»¦Û¨Ñ¦Ûµ¹ªº¥Í¬¡¡A¶i«°«á«o¦b¦U¤è­±³£­nªá¶OÁʶR¡AÁÙ­±Á{¥¢·~ªº«Â¯Ù¡A¤j¤j¥[­«¤F¤k¤uªº¸gÀÙÀ£¤O¡C}

^{«Øij°Q½×ÃD¥Ø¡G}

^{¦³¬Æ»ò¨ãÅ骺¡©±À¤O¡ª©M¡©©Ô¤O¡ª«P¨Ï¹A§ø°ü¤k¬y¦V«°¥«¤u§@¡H}
^{«°¥«¤Æ·N¨ýµÛ³Ò°Ê´N·~»P¥Í¬¡©Ò»Ý­nªº¥þ­±°Ó«~¤Æ¤Î¥«³õ¤Æ¡C³o­Ó¹Lµ{¡A¦b­þ¨Ç¤è­±«P¶i°ü¤k¸gÀ٤ΤH®æ¿W¥ß¡H¦b­þ¨Ç¤è­±¤S¥[±j¹ï°ü¤kªºÀ£¹G¡H}

^{¦U¦a¬F©²À³¨î­q«ç¼Ëªº¬Fµ¦§ïµ½«°¥«¤Æ¹ï¤k¤u¤£§Qªº¼vÅT¡H}

^{­±¹ï«°¥«¤Æ¬°°ü¤k±a¨Óªº­t­±¼vÅT¡A°ü¤k¹ÎÅé¥i°µ¨Ç¬Æ»ò¡H}

    ^{³o¨Ç¤k¤uªº¦¬¤JÁöµM¤@¯ë¸û°È¹A¬°°ª¡A¸gÀÙ¸û¹A§ø°ü¤k¿W¥ß¡AÁÙÂXÁï¤F²´¬É¡AÅéÅç¤F¹A§ø¥H¥~ªº¥Í²£¼Ò¦¡¡A¦ý¦o­Ì¤j¦h¦b´c¦HªºÀô¹Ò¤¾ªø¦a¤u§@¡A«C¬K»P°·±d³£®ø¿i¤F¡C}

^{«Øij°Q½×ÃD¥Ø¡G}

^{¤°»ò°Ê¤O¡]¥DÆ[¤Î«ÈÆ[¦]¯À¡^«P¨Ï¹A§ø¤k©ÊÂ÷¶m§O¤«¨ì«°¥«¥´¤u¡H}
^{¨ì«°¥«¤u§@¡]¸û¤j³¡¤À¬O¶i¤u¼t¤u§@¡^¹ï¤k¤u¦³¤°»ò¼vÅT¡H¥¿­±¼vÅT¦hÁÙ¬O­t­±¼vÅT¦h¡H±o¥¢¦p¦ó¿Å¶q¡H}

^{¤j¦h¼Æ¤k¤u¯à§_¤@¥Í¯d¦b¤u¼t¤u§@¡H«°¥«¸gÀÙÂ૬¹ï¦o­Ì¦³¦ó¼vÅT¡H}

^{³o¨Ç¤k¤uªº¸gÀÙ¯à¤O¤ÎªÀ·|¦a¦ì¯à§_´£¤É¡H±B«Ã¡B¥Í¬¡µ¥¯à§_¿W¥ß¦Û¥D¡H}

^{¤k¤u¥i¥H«ç¼Ë¹Îµ²°_¨Ó¡A§ïµ½¤£§Qªº³B¹Ò¡H}

ªð¦^

---

¥DÃD:¿W¥ß¥Í¬¡

­I´º
´Ý¯e°ü¤kªºÄ³ÃD¦b¦è¤è¤w¨ü¨ì¼sªxªºÃöª`¡C±©¹L©¹¼Æ¦~ªºªF¨È°ü¤k½×¾Â°Q½×ªºÄ³ÃD¤W¡A§¡¥¼¦³Ãöª`¡u´Ý¯e°ü¤k¡vªº¶µ¥Ø¡F¦ý¤£¦PªF¨È¦a°Ï«o¶}©l¥H¤£¦P¤è¦¡±À¼s¤Î¶i¦æ´Ý¯e°ü¤k·NÃÑ´£¤Éªº¤u§@¡C¥Ñ©ó´Ý¯e°ü¤k¬°°ü¤k¤Î´Ý¯eªºÂù­«¨­¥÷¡A¨ä»Ý­n©¹©¹¨ü¨ìªÀ·|¤j²³ªº©¿µø¡C¦]¦¹¡A²Ä¤­©¡ªF¨È°ü¤k½×¾Â«K¬°¦¹«Ø¥ß¤@°Q½×¥­¥x¡AÅý¤j®a¦³¾÷·|°Ñ»P°Q½×¡u´Ý¯e°ü¤k¡vªº½ÒÃD¡C

Ãöª`ijÃD

ªF¨È¦a°Ï´Ý¯e°ü¤kªº¼Æ¥Ø
´Ý¯e°ü¤k»P¥D¬yªÀ·|

´Ý¯e°ü¤kªº¥Í¬¡

´Ý¯e°ü¤k»P±Ð¨|¡B´N·~¡BÂåÀø°·±d¤ÎªÀ·|ªA°È

´Ý¯e°ü¤k»P§¡µ¥¾÷·|¡B¿W¥ß¥Í¬¡¤ÎªÀ·|¿Ä¦X

´Ý¯e°ü¤kªº¿ï¾Ü¤Î±±¨î¦Û¤v¥Í¬¡ªºÅv§Q

¡@

¡@